The Influence of Health Behaviors on Co-Occurrence of Diabetes and Hypertension: A Case-Control Study

Abstract

The coexistence of diabetes and hypertension represents a significant public health burden, often driven by modifiable health behaviors. This case-control study investigates the behavioral risk factors associated with the co-occurrence of type 2 diabetes and hypertension in adults attending outpatient clinics in Semarang, Indonesia. A total of 160 cases and 160 matched controls were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that poor dietary habits, low physical activity, smoking, and high stress levels were significantly associated with comorbidity. The findings suggest an urgent need for integrated behavioral interventions to address shared risk factors and reduce the dual burden of non-communicable diseases.